인간 진화사

  • 2024-09-08 (modified: 2025-09-29)

인간의 진화사

Major events

13,700 mya

  • The Big bang - Origin of Universe.

4,568 mya

  • Earth forms

4,540 mya

4,100 mya

4,031 mya

4,000 - 3,800 mya

  • 원핵생물 출현

3,600 mya

  • 초시생대가 끝나고 고시생대가 시작

3,500 mya

  • 남세균 출현

3,200 mya

  • 고시생대가 끝나고 중시생대가 시작

2,800 mya

  • 중시생대가 끝나고 신시생대가 시작

2,500 - 2,200 mya

2,500 mya

2,300 mya

  • 시데로스기가 끝나고 라이악스기가 시작

2,200 - 1,800 mya

  • 진핵생물 출현

2,050 mya

  • 라이악스기가 끝나고 오로세이라기가 시작

1,800 mya

  • 오로세이라기가 끝나고 스타테로스기가 시작

1,600 mya

1,400 mya

  • 칼리마기가 끝나고 엑타시스기가 시작

1,200 mya

1,000 mya

720 mya

  • 토노스기가 끝나고 크리오스진기가 시작

635 mya

538.8 mya

521 mya

  • 테르뇌브세가 끝나고 캄브리아기 제2세가 시작

506.5 mya

  • 캄브리아기 제2세가 끝나고 푸룽세가 시작

500 - 450 mya

  • First vertebrates.

486.85 mya

471.3 mya

  • 전기 오르도비스기가 끝나고 중기 오르도비스기가 시작

458.2 mya

445-444 mya

  • Late Ordovician mass extinction

443.1 mya

433.4 mya

  • 란도베리세가 끝나고 웬록세가 시작

426.7 mya

  • 웬록세가 끝나고 러들로세가 시작

423.0 mya

  • 러들로세가 끝나고 프리돌리세가 시작

419.62 mya

393.47 mya

  • 전기 데본기가 끝나고 중기 데본기가 시작

382.7 mya

372–359 mya

  • Late Devonian mass extinction

365 mya

  • Fish evolve lungs and walk on land.

358.86 mya

346.7 mya

  • 전기 미시시피기가 끝나고 중기 미시시피기가 시작

330.3 mya

  • 중기 미시시피기가 끝나고 후기 미시시피기가 시작

323.2 mya

  • 후기 미시시피기가 끝나고 전기 펜실베니아기가 시작

315.2 mya

  • 전기 펜실베니아기가 끝나고 중기 펜실베니아기가 시작

307.0 mya

  • 중기 펜실베니아기가 끝나고 후기 펜실베니아기가 시작

298.9 mya

272.95 mya

  • 시스우랄세가 끝나고 과달루페세가 시작

259.1 mya

  • 과달루페세가 끝나고 러핑세가 시작

252 mya

  • Permian-Triassic extinction event

251.9 mya

248 - 208 mya

  • First small mammals and dinosaurs evolved.

247.2 mya

  • 전기 트라이아스기가 끝나고 중기 트라이아스기가 시작

237 mya

  • 중기 트라이아스기가 끝나고 후기 트라이아스기가 시작

208 - 65 mya

  • Large dinosaurs flourished.

201.4 mya

201.3 mya

  • Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

174.1 mya

163.5 mya

  • 중기 쥐라기가 끝나고 후기 쥐라기가 시작

143.1 mya

114 mya

  • Placental mammals evolve.

100.5 mya

  • 전기 백악기가 끝나고 후기 백악기가 시작

85 mya

  • First primates evolve.

66 mya

65 mya

  • Dinosaurs go extinct, mammals then increase in size and diversity.

56 mya

35 mya

  • First apes evolve.

33.9 mya

  • 에오세가 끝나고 올리고세가 시작

23.04 mya

10 - 7 mya

8 - 6 mya

  • The divergence of our hominid ancestors from the Great Apes.

5.333 mya

  • 마이오세가 끝나고 플라이오세가 시작

4.4 mya

  • Emergence of Bipedalism to avoid competition with monkeys(Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis - aka Lucy)
    • Upright posture and full eye contact provided room for the emergence of the first gestural signals.
    • The forearms can then be used to hold tools and weapons.
    • The move to Bipedalism opened up major cognitive challenges in terms of the control of the hands.

4 mya

  • Major reorganization of Parietal cortex.
    • Reduction of primary visual striate cortex
    • The enlargement of Extrastriate parietal cortex, Angular gyrus, and Supramarginal gyrus
  • Such changes in the Parietal cortex support three basic cognitive functions.
    • Processing in the dorsal stream (see Two-streams hypothesis) of the visual field is important for representing actions of the other in terms of one’s own body image.
    • The association area of parietal maintain a map of the environment for navigation in the new bipedal mode.
    • The Supramarginal gyrus is involved in Face perception. Expansion of this area would facilitate the development of social patterns and memory for social relations. -> It played a large role during the next period of evolution (social cohesion).

3.5 mya

  • The hominids in East Africa went through an expansion of their range and a proliferation of species.
    • Tight competition with range contraction leads a set of targeted neural-behavioral adaptations. - the subordination of vocal system to cortical control.
    • Side-effect of the cortical control over vocalization: local forms of communication like those of song-birds.
  • How about the Great apes in West Africa?
    • The different requirements on group size in their arboreal habitat
    • No bipedal gait and its resultant improvements in face-to-face communication.

3 mya

  • The Australopithecus evolve in savannas of Africa.
  • A gradual tripling of brain size.
    • Massive changes in the interconnectedness of the Frontal lobes.
    • Changes in the linkage of vocal production to motor and emotional areas.
    • Linkages of the visual areas to motor areas.
    • Expansion of many older areas, including the Cerebellum, Basal ganglion, and Thalamus.
    • (these changes are basis for an ability to produce actions through movement and sounds throught vocalization)

2.58 mya

  • 신진기 플라이오세가 끝나고 제4기 플라이스토세가 시작. 제4기는 신생대의 마지막 기간이며 현재까지 이어진다.

2.5 mya

  • Earliest stone tools - Oldowan (found in Ethiopia and Kenya, Africa); used to butcher carcasses for meat and to extract marrow from bones; linked with Homo habilis.

2 mya

  • The remarkable expansion of habitat to all of Africa and Eurasia by Homo erectus.
  • Brain expansion ran up against the Bipedalism, forcing a series of adaptations in female anatomy, parturition, and child rearing.
  • New forms of symbolic communication system - the spontaneous interaction of vocalizations, postures, and gestures in specific social and pragmatic contexts.
    • Vocalizations had not yet been systematized. Gestural and postural patterns probably played a more central role.
    • But their iconic and situated nature may have seved as a barrier to abstract systematization.

1.8 mya (the end of the Pliocene epoch, and the beginning of the Ealry Pleistocene epoch)

  • Homo erectus had achieved dominance over its hominid competitors.
  • The onset of the glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch.
  • Homo erectus spread beyond African Homo erectus. The first migration from Africa.

1.6 mya

  • First evidence; likely hearths; linked with African Homo erectus.

1.5 mya

  • Invention of Acheulean hand axe; linked with Homo ergaster - tall stature, long limbs.

1.2 mya

  • Brain expansion in homo line begins.

1 mya

  • Hominids spread to Europe.

800,000 ya

  • Crude stone tool kit - found in Spain, linked with Homo antecessor.

780,000 ya (middle Pleistocene epoch begins)

600,000 - 400,000 ya

  • Long crafted wooden spears and early hearths; linked with Homo heidelbergensis found in Germany.

500,000 - 100,000 ya

  • Period of most rapid brain expansion in Homo line.

300,000 - 50,000 ya

  • Gradual evolution of new system that supports a set of phonological contrasts.
    • A major expansion of the parts of the vertebrae that carry nerves for the intercostal muscles. (p384)
    • Loss of the canines.
    • Adaptation of the arytenoids.
    • Bending of the vocal tract.
    • shaping of the musculature of the tongue.

200,000 ya

  • The emergence of Homo sapiens and Mitochondrial Eve.

200,000 - 30,000 ya

  • Neanderthals flourish in Europe and western Asia.

126,000 ya

  • Late Pleistocene epoch begins.

100,000 - 50,000 ya

  • Exodus from Africa - second major migration. See also Out of Africa theory

70,000 ya

  • Near extinction that brought the number of our direct ancestors down to only 10,000 individuals worldwide.

40,000 ya

  • Explosion of diverse stone tools, bone tools, blade tools, well-designed fireplaces, elaborate art; found only among Homo sapiens, not among Neanderthals.

40,000 - 35,000 ya

  • Homo sapiens (Cro-Magnon) arrive in Europe.

30,000 ya

  • Neanderthals go extinct.

27,000 ya

  • Homo sapiens colonize entire planet; all other hominid species are now extinct.

11,700 ya

  • 플라이스토세가 끝나고 홀로세가 시작
  • Holocene extinction

Articles

See also