CTA framing questions

(In Cognitive task analysis) Framing

Intro

Framing to CTA project:

Framing the CTA project is the task of sharpening questions, focusing its goals, and identifying any constraints…. Let’s take a look at why framing might matter…. During the discussion, one of the nurses commented, “I’ve heard a good NICU nurse can tell 24 hours in advance of any lab test results that a baby is about to go bad” (Klein 1998). Other nurses in the room nodded…. Good nurses seem to have clear and accurate “intuitions” about infant illnesses. The key question became, “What is ‘nurses’ intuition?’ What does it look like, cognitively and behaviorally?” The study eventually centered on nurses’ perceptual judgments and assessment skills and how their expertise allows them to spot problems early. The frame for the project was about expert clinical assessment skills, but a study of critical care nurses could have been about many other issues. —loc. 693, Chapter 2, Working minds

Framing questions

What issue or need do you plan to address?

더 깊게 들어가기.

Sometimes researchers identify the study topic, or perhaps a job or work function, and not much more than that before launching into CTA…. The framing task here is to go further…. Figure out what key question the project absolutely must answer. One way to do this is to construct a “kernel statement” that describes that question or issue in a few sentences. The kernel statement can provide critical guidance for the research team throughout the course of the project. —loc. 768, Working minds

What will you deliver at the end of the project?

The issue to be addressed here is one of outcome, and what the client expects to get from the project. By “client,” we refer to the funder or sponsoring organization - whoever has the responsibility and authority to define desirable project outcomes. —loc. 768, Working minds

What sorts of people can tell you about the issue?

It may seem obvious who those people should be: whoever does the job or task, uses the technology, or buys the product. However, sometimes the answer is not so clear-cut. There may be a range of types of users of a tool or technology - people who use it for different purposes, or who have varying levels of skill and experience and so interact with it very differently….One way to bound the problem is to specify a “target user” who is a primary recipient of the product or process. The target users are the people whose job or task will be different in some significant way - how they work, what tools they use, who they work with - as a result of the information gained in the project you are designing. It will be useful to create a description of that person, once you have identified him or her, and keep that description where you can refer to it for the duration of the project. The target user provides a critical litmus test for all kinds of choices and decisions. —loc. 802, Working minds

(Persona와 유사한 것 같다. —ak)

What aspects of expertise or types of cognition do you need to know about?

The point here is to identify the aspects of skilled performance and expertise that are most central to the issue you are exploring and the deliverable you have specified…. For example:

Is it critical to find out about the perceptual cues the expert has learned to detect?

Do you need to determine how the expert detects anomalies and achieves a sense of what is typical?

Do you need to find out unique strategies or “rules of thumb” that the practitioner has created?

Is it necessary to uncover the flow of information across team?

Do you need to know how team members coordinate their actions and maintain common ground?

Do you need to learn what experts think about as they attempt to project their understanding into the possible future?

—loc. 802, Working minds

What type(s) of situation(s) will tell you the most about the issue you are exploring?

The issue here is one of figuring out what sort of context is going to tell you what you need to know: where to conduct observations, what kinds of people to watch and interview, and how to focus the data collection. —loc. 839, Working minds

Process

프레이밍 질문은 상호 의존적. 반복적 접근이 필요:

When CTA researchers work with the framing questions they typically find themselves moving back and forth and working iteratively. As this iterative process unfolds, answers to the five questions begin to fit together and form a coherent frame that bounds the problem and gives the project direction. —loc. 872, Working minds